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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p>怎么写一个LED驱动程序？若笔记中有错误或者不合适的地方，欢迎批评指正😃。</p>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">PC端开发环境</td>        <td align="center" width=150px>Windows</td>        <td align="left">Windows11</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Ubuntu</td>        <td align="left">Ubuntu20.04.2的64位版本</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">VMware® Workstation 17 Pro</td>        <td align="left">17.6.0 build-24238078</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">终端软件</td>        <td align="left">MobaXterm(Professional Edition v23.0 Build 5042 (license))</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Win32DiskImager</td>        <td align="left">Win32DiskImager v1.0</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">Linux开发板环境</td>        <td align="center">Linux开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子 i.MX6ULL Linux 阿尔法开发板</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">uboot</td>        <td align="left">NXP官方提供的uboot，使用的uboot版本为U-Boot 2019.04</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">linux内核</td>        <td align="left">linux-4.19.71(NXP官方提供)</td>      </tr></table>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="5">官方网站</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.arm.com/" target="_blank">https://www.arm.com/</a></td>        <td align="left">ARM官方网站，在这里我们可以找到Cotex-Mx以及ARMVx的一些文档</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxp.com.cn/ </a></td>        <td align="left">NXP官方网站</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxpic.org.cn/" target="_blank">https://www.nxpic.org.cn/</a></td><td align="left">NXP 官方社区</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a></td><td align="left">u-boot官网</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.kernel.org/" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/</a></td><td align="left">linux内核官网</td>    </tr></table>
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center">分类</td>        <td align="center">网址</td>        <td align="center">说明</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">NXP</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx" target="_blank">https://github.com/nxp-imx</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP imx开发资源GitHub组织，里边会有u-boot和linux内核的仓库</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71" target="_blank">nxp-imx/linux-imx/releases/tag/v4.19.71</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP linux内核仓库tags中的v4.19.71</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://github.com/nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0" target="_blank">nxp-imx/uboot-imx/releases/tag/rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</a></td>        <td align="left">NXP u-boot仓库tags中的rel_imx_4.19.35_1.1.0</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="2">I.MX6ULL</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/data-sheet/IMX6ULLIEC.pdf" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications Processors for Industrial Products</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 芯片手册（datasheet，可以在线查看）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nxp.com.cn/webapp/Download?colCode=IMX6ULLRM&lang_cd=zh" target="_blank">i.MX 6ULL Applications ProcessorReference Manual</a></td>        <td align="left">I.MX6ULL 参考手册（下载后才能查看，需要登录NXP官网）</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" rowspan="3">Source Code</td>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">linux kernel源码</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/tree/?h=v4.19.71&id=e7d2672c66e4d3675570369bf20856296da312c4" target="_blank">kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree</a></td>        <td align="left">linux kernel源码(官网,tag 4.19.71)</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="left"><a href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source" target="_blank">https://elixir.bootlin.com/u-boot/latest/source</a></td>        <td align="left">uboot源码</td>    </tr></table>
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<h1 id="一、一个基本LED驱动程序"><a href="#一、一个基本LED驱动程序" class="headerlink" title="一、一个基本LED驱动程序"></a><font size=3>一、一个基本LED驱动程序</font></h1><h2 id="1-demo源码"><a href="#1-demo源码" class="headerlink" title="1. demo源码"></a><font size=3>1. demo源码</font></h2><p>可以直接看这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/imx6ull-driver-demo/tree/master/04_chrdev_basic/11_chrdev_led">04_chrdev_basic&#x2F;11_chrdev_led · 苏木&#x2F;imx6ull-driver-demo - 码云 - 开源中国</a></p>
<p>这个demo就实现了一个基本的LED驱动程序，在内部实现了drv_open()、drv_write() …. 等函数。</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250103094033354.png" alt="image-20250103094033354"  />

<p>驱动层访问硬件外设寄存器依靠的是 ioremap() 函数去映射到寄存器地址，然后开始控制寄存器。</p>
<h2 id="2-怎么写驱动程序？"><a href="#2-怎么写驱动程序？" class="headerlink" title="2. 怎么写驱动程序？"></a><font size=3>2. 怎么写驱动程序？</font></h2><p>（1）确定主设备号，也可以让内核分配； </p>
<p>（2）定义自己的 file_operations 结构体，主要是定义文件操作函数集； </p>
<p>（3）实现对应的 drv_open()&#x2F;drv_read()&#x2F;drv_write() 等函数，填入 file_operations 结构体； </p>
<p>（4）把 file_operations 结构体告诉内核：通过 register_chrdev() 函数； </p>
<p>（5）谁来注册驱动程序？需要一个入口函数：安装驱动程序时，就会去调用这个 入口函数； </p>
<p>（6）有入口函数就应该有出口函数：卸载驱动程序时，出口函数调用 unregister_chrdev(); </p>
<p>（7）其它：提供设备信息，自动创建设备节点，class_create()、device_create();</p>
<h2 id="3-我们想要什么样的接口？"><a href="#3-我们想要什么样的接口？" class="headerlink" title="3. 我们想要什么样的接口？"></a><font size=3>3. 我们想要什么样的接口？</font></h2><p>对于 LED 驱动，我们想要什么样的接口？</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250103101036993.png" alt="image-20250103101036993"  />

<p>对于用户来说，我们能看到的就是app_demo、&#x2F;dev&#x2F;led_node这两个东西，我们通过app_demo去操作&#x2F;dev&#x2F;led_node这个节点，控制LED灯的亮灭。至少我们需要实现drv_open()、和drv_write()两个函数。</p>
<h1 id="二、LED-驱动分层？"><a href="#二、LED-驱动分层？" class="headerlink" title="二、LED 驱动分层？"></a><font size=3>二、LED 驱动分层？</font></h1><h2 id="1-有不同的板子怎么办？"><a href="#1-有不同的板子怎么办？" class="headerlink" title="1. 有不同的板子怎么办？"></a><font size=3>1. 有不同的板子怎么办？</font></h2><p>想一个问题，现在我们有两块板子board A和board B，board A上LED控制引脚是<strong>GPIO1_IO03</strong>，board B上LED控制引脚是<strong>GPIO1_IO05</strong>，他们的驱动方式肯定是一模一样的，驱动框架也是一模一样的。其实是没有必要写两个驱动的，要是写在一个驱动程序中，里面要写两块板子的东西，这样就有很多不必要的信息。</p>
<p>其实我们完全可以把驱动框架放一个文件（led_drv.c），把各个板子中对led灯的初始化和亮灭控制放在一个文件（board_X.c），这样我们使用board A的时候就编译board_A.c和led_drv.c，使用board B的时候就编译board_B.c和和led_drv.c。所以我们把驱动拆分为通用的框架(led_drv.c)、具体的硬件操作(board_X.c)后，调用关系如下：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250103131909787.png" alt="image-20250103131909787"  />

<p>我们可以用面向对象的思想，抽象出一个结构体：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_operations</span> &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> (*init) (<span class="type">int</span> which);             <span class="comment">// 初始化LED, which-哪个LED     </span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> (*ctl) (<span class="type">int</span> which, <span class="type">char</span> status); <span class="comment">// 控制LED, which-哪个LED, status:1-亮,0-灭</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>每个单板相关的 board_X.c 实现自己的 led_operations 结构体，供上层 的 led_drv.c 调用：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250103132643949.png" alt="image-20250103132643949"  />

<h2 id="2-分层的实现"><a href="#2-分层的实现" class="headerlink" title="2. 分层的实现"></a><font size=3>2. 分层的实现</font></h2><h3 id="2-1-struct-led-operations"><a href="#2-1-struct-led-operations" class="headerlink" title="2.1 struct led_operations"></a><font size=3>2.1 struct led_operations</font></h3><p>上面已经说过了，可以抽象出一个结构体来管理这些初始化、控制函数：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_operations</span> &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> (*init) (<span class="type">int</span> which);             <span class="comment">/* 初始化LED, which-哪个LED */</span>       </span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> (*ctl) (<span class="type">int</span> which, <span class="type">char</span> status); <span class="comment">/* 控制LED, which-哪个LED, status:1-亮,0-灭 */</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>那么这个时候，board_X.c中就可以定义一个struct led_operations类型变量，这个变量中的函数指针就指向目标函数：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_operations</span> <span class="title">board_demo_led_opt</span> =</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	.init = board_demo_led_init,</span><br><span class="line">	.ctl  = board_demo_led_ctl,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这个时候就有另一个问题了，怎么在led_drv.c中使用这个变量？可以去掉static然后extern过去，不过这样干的话，当修改这个变量名的时候就需要修改led_drv.c文件了，但是其实没必要，我们定义一个统一的函数，返回这个变量的地址就是了：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">struct</span> led_operations *<span class="title function_">get_board_led_opt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> &amp;board_demo_led_opt;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这样我们在led_drv.c中调用这个函数就可以了。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-控制函数的实现"><a href="#2-2-控制函数的实现" class="headerlink" title="2.2 控制函数的实现"></a><font size=3>2.2 控制函数的实现</font></h3><p>接下来就是LED的初始化函数，控制函数的实现了，这里就不再详细说了，都一样的：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 初始化LED, which-哪个LED */</span>	</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">board_demo_led_init</span> <span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> which)</span>    </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 控制LED, which-哪个LED, status:1-亮,0-灭 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">board_demo_led_ctl</span> <span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> which, <span class="type">char</span> status)</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="3-Makefile？"><a href="#3-Makefile？" class="headerlink" title="3. Makefile？"></a><font size=3>3. Makefile？</font></h2><p>这样的话，一个驱动就包含了多个源文件了，怎么编译？我们可以参考这个 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.71/source/drivers/char/ipmi/Makefile">Makefile - drivers&#x2F;char&#x2F;ipmi&#x2F;Makefile</a>：</p>
<figure class="highlight makefile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Makefile for the ipmi drivers.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ipmi_si-y := ipmi_si_intf.o ipmi_kcs_sm.o ipmi_smic_sm.o ipmi_bt_sm.o \</span><br><span class="line">	ipmi_si_hotmod.o ipmi_si_hardcode.o ipmi_si_platform.o \</span><br><span class="line">	ipmi_si_port_io.o ipmi_si_mem_io.o</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ifdef</span> CONFIG_PCI</span><br><span class="line">ipmi_si-y += ipmi_si_pci.o</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">endif</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ifdef</span> CONFIG_PARISC</span><br><span class="line">ipmi_si-y += ipmi_si_parisc.o</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">endif</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_HANDLER)</span> += ipmi_msghandler.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_DEVICE_INTERFACE)</span> += ipmi_devintf.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_SI)</span> += ipmi_si.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_DMI_DECODE)</span> += ipmi_dmi.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_SSIF)</span> += ipmi_ssif.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_POWERNV)</span> += ipmi_powernv.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_WATCHDOG)</span> += ipmi_watchdog.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_POWEROFF)</span> += ipmi_poweroff.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_IPMI_KCS_BMC)</span> += kcs_bmc.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_ASPEED_BT_IPMI_BMC)</span> += bt-bmc.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_ASPEED_KCS_IPMI_BMC)</span> += kcs_bmc_aspeed.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-<span class="variable">$(CONFIG_NPCM7XX_KCS_IPMI_BMC)</span> += kcs_bmc_npcm7xx.o</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>也就是说# 要想把 a.c, b.c编译成ab.ko, 可以这样指定:</p>
<figure class="highlight makefile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ab-y  := a.o b.o</span><br><span class="line">obj-m += ab.o</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="4-demo实现"><a href="#4-demo实现" class="headerlink" title="4. demo实现"></a><font size=3>4. demo实现</font></h2><p>可以看这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/imx6ull-driver-demo/tree/master/04_chrdev_basic/13_led_board_template">04_chrdev_basic&#x2F;13_led_board_template · 苏木&#x2F;imx6ull-driver-demo - 码云 - 开源中国</a></p>
<h1 id="三、驱动的设计思想"><a href="#三、驱动的设计思想" class="headerlink" title="三、驱动的设计思想"></a><font size=3>三、驱动的设计思想</font></h1><h2 id="1-面向对象"><a href="#1-面向对象" class="headerlink" title="1. 面向对象"></a><font size=3>1. 面向对象</font></h2><ul>
<li><p>字符设备驱动程序抽象出一个 file_operations 结构体； </p>
</li>
<li><p>我们写的程序针对硬件部分抽象出 led_operations 结构体。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-分层"><a href="#2-分层" class="headerlink" title="2. 分层"></a><font size=3>2. 分层</font></h2><p>上下分层，比如我们前面写的 LED 驱动程序就分为 2 层：</p>
<p>（1）上层实现硬件无关的操作，比如注册字符设备驱动：leddrv.c </p>
<p>（2）下层实现硬件相关的操作，比如 board_A.c 实现单板 A 的 LED 操作，board_B.c 实现单板 B 的 LED 操作。</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250104092337246.png" alt="image-20250104092337246"  />

<h2 id="3-分离？"><a href="#3-分离？" class="headerlink" title="3. 分离？"></a><font size=3>3. 分离？</font></h2><p>还能不能改进？或者说，如果硬件上更换一个引脚来控制 LED 怎么办？我们要去修改上面结构体中的 init、ctl 函数，但是呢，其实每一款芯片它的 GPIO 操作都是类似的。比如：GPIO1_3、 GPIO5_4 这 2 个引脚接到 LED：</p>
<ul>
<li>GPIO1_3 属于第 1 组，即 GPIO1。</li>
</ul>
<p>（1）有方向寄存器 DIR、数据寄存器 DR 等，基础地址是 addr_base_addr_gpio1。 </p>
<p>（2）设置为 output 引脚：修改 GPIO1 的 DIR 寄存器的 bit3。 </p>
<p>（3）设置输出电平：修改 GPIO1 的 DR 寄存器的 bit3。 </p>
<ul>
<li>GPIO5_4 属于第 5 组，即 GPIO5。</li>
</ul>
<p>（1）有方向寄存器 DIR、数据寄存器 DR 等，基础地址是 addr_base_addr_gpio5。</p>
<p>（2）设置为 output 引脚：修改 GPIO5 的 DIR 寄存器的 bit4。</p>
<p>（3）设置输出电平：修改 GPIO5 的 DR 寄存器的 bit4。</p>
<p>既然引脚操作有规律，并且这是跟主芯片相关的，那完全可以针对该芯片写 出比较通用的硬件操作代码。比如 board_A.c 使用芯片 chipY，那就可以写出：chipY_gpio.c，它实现 芯片 Y 的 GPIO 操作，适用于芯片 Y 的所有 GPIO 引脚。使用时，我们只需要在 board_A_led.c 中指定使用哪一个引脚即可。程序结构就会变成下面这样：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250104095920210.png" alt="image-20250104095920210"  />

<p>以面向对象的思想，在 board_A.c 中实现 led_resouce 结构体，它定 义“资源”——即要使用哪一个引脚。 在 chipY_gpio.c 中仍是实现 led_operations 结构体，它要写得更完善， 支持所有可能会用到的 GPIO的初始化以及高低电平控制等操作。</p>
<h1 id="四、LED驱动分离"><a href="#四、LED驱动分离" class="headerlink" title="四、LED驱动分离"></a><font size=3>四、LED驱动分离</font></h1><p>接下来看一下怎么进一步改进上面已经上下分层的LED驱动框架。</p>
<p>程序仍分为上下两层：上层 led_drv.c 向内核注册 file_operations 结构体；下层 chip_demo_gpio.c 提供 led_operations 结构体来操作硬件。</p>
<p>下层的代码分为 2 个源文件实现：chip_demo_gpio.c 实现通用的 GPIO 操作， board_A_led.c 指定使用哪个 GPIO，即“资源”。</p>
<h2 id="1-struct-led-resource"><a href="#1-struct-led-resource" class="headerlink" title="1. struct led_resource"></a><font size=3>1. struct led_resource</font></h2><p>我们定义一个描述GPIO的结构体，用与单板指定使用哪一个GPIO：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_resource</span> &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> gpiox_pinx;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>gpiox_pinx这个成员怎么赋值？它需要包含GPIO的组号和组内的编号，由于我们定义的是一个int类型的引脚号，我们可以将GPIO的组号和编号进行组合，用高16位表示组号，用低16位表示组内编号，我们可以定义几个宏：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* bit[31:16] = group */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* bit[15:0]  = which pin */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> GET_GPIO_GROUP(x)       (x&gt;&gt;16)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> GET_GPIO_PIN(x)         (x&amp;0xFFFF)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> MK_GPIOX_PINX(g, p)     ((g &lt;&lt; 16) | (p))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>例如，现在使用的是imx6ull的GPIO1_IO03，那这里指定GPIO的话就可以这样写：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 定义GPIO引脚资源</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_resource</span> <span class="title">board_xxx_led</span> =</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	.gpiox_pinx = MK_GPIOX_PINX(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">3</span>),</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取组号</span></span><br><span class="line">GET_GPIO_GROUP(board_xxx_led.gpiox_pinx)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取组内的编号</span></span><br><span class="line">GET_GPIO_PIN(board_xxx_led.gpiox_pinx)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="2-board-A-led-c"><a href="#2-board-A-led-c" class="headerlink" title="2. board_A_led.c"></a><font size=3>2. board_A_led.c</font></h2><p>所以我们在board_A_led.c中定义GPIO资源的时候就可以这样写：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_resource</span> <span class="title">board_A_led</span> =</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	.gpiox_pinx = GROUP_PIN(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">3</span>),</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>资源定义好了，我们还需要提供一个接口来获取这个变量的地址：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">struct</span> led_resource *<span class="title function_">get_led_resouce</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> &amp;board_A_led;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="3-chip-demo-gpio-c"><a href="#3-chip-demo-gpio-c" class="headerlink" title="3. chip_demo_gpio.c"></a><font size=3>3. chip_demo_gpio.c</font></h2><p>接下来是通用的GPIO初始化和控制，和前面其实是一样的，只是多了一个调用，需要在对应的函数中确定要初始化和控制哪个引脚：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_resource</span> *<span class="title">led_rsc</span> =</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 初始化LED, which-哪个LED */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">board_demo_led_init</span> <span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> which)</span>  </span><br><span class="line">&#123;	</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">if</span> (!led_rsc)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		led_rsc = get_led_resouce();</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;init gpio: group %d, pin %d\n&quot;</span>, GROUP(led_rsc-&gt;pin), PIN(led_rsc-&gt;pin));</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">switch</span>(GROUP(led_rsc-&gt;pin))</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;init pin of group 0 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;init pin of group 1 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">2</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;init pin of group 2 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;init pin of group 3 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 控制LED, which-哪个LED, status:1-亮,0-灭 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">board_demo_led_ctl</span> <span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> which, <span class="type">char</span> status)</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	printk(<span class="string">&quot;set led %s: group %d, pin %d\n&quot;</span>, status ? <span class="string">&quot;on&quot;</span> : <span class="string">&quot;off&quot;</span>, GROUP(led_rsc-&gt;pin), PIN(led_rsc-&gt;pin));</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">switch</span>(GROUP(led_rsc-&gt;pin))</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;set pin of group 0 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;set pin of group 1 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">2</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;set pin of group 2 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			printk(<span class="string">&quot;set pin of group 3 ...\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">led_operations</span> <span class="title">board_demo_led_opt</span> =</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	.init = board_demo_led_init,</span><br><span class="line">	.ctl  = board_demo_led_ctl,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">struct</span> led_operations *<span class="title function_">get_board_led_opt</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> &amp;board_demo_led_opt;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="4-led-drv-c"><a href="#4-led-drv-c" class="headerlink" title="4. led_drv.c"></a><font size=3>4. led_drv.c</font></h2><p>这个没啥好说的，就是字符设备的基本框架，然后调用一下chip_demo_gpio.c中相关的函数实现gpio的控制和初始化。</p>
<h2 id="5-demo实现"><a href="#5-demo实现" class="headerlink" title="5. demo实现"></a><font size=3>5. demo实现</font></h2><p>可以看这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitee.com/sumumm/imx6ull-driver-demo/tree/master/04_chrdev_basic/14_led_board_seperate_template">04_chrdev_basic&#x2F;14_led_board_seperate_template · 苏木&#x2F;imx6ull-driver-demo - 码云 - 开源中国</a>，大概会有这些文件：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250105093856037.png" alt="image-20250105093856037" />

<p>怎么个结构呢？我这里画了个图：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/02IMX6ULL%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0/LV06-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV06-03-chrdev-09-%E7%82%B9%E4%BA%AELED-02-LED%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6/img/image-20250105100415414.png" alt="image-20250105100415414" />

<h1 id="五、总结"><a href="#五、总结" class="headerlink" title="五、总结"></a><font size=3>五、总结</font></h1><p>上面其实我们以LED驱动框架为例一共写了三个驱动的框架，乍一看，一个比一个复杂，最开始只有一个源文件，到上下分层变成2个源文件，到左右分离，变成了3个源文件，代码框架越来越复杂。但是，会发现，去适配不同的板子的时候，越来越方便的。</p>
<p>第一种，每适配一块单板，都要去改led_drv.c文件，一不小心改错地方了，可能就出现了其他问题了。</p>
<p>第二种，针对不同的板子，我们可以设计不同的board_X.c文件，驱动出现问题就查led_drv.c，led控制出现问题就查board_X.c。但是这个时候当我们修改LED引脚的时候，就要重新去初始化其他的引脚了。</p>
<p>第三种：有了第二种的优点，而且实现了针对芯片的GPIO操作通用函数，当需要更换引脚的时候，我们直接修改board_X_led.c中的led资源即可。</p>
<p>那还有没有更好更方便的方式？当然有啦，就是后面会学习到的总线设备驱动、设备树等。这些后面再学习。</p>

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